Stomach torsion in dogs: a life-threatening emergency

Emergency situations in small animals are not always equally threatening, yet it is often difficult for laypersons to assess the urgency. When in doubt, a visit to the veterinarian is worthwhile. This is especially true for one of the most urgent emergencies that affects especially large dog breeds: gastric dilatation‑volvulus (GDV). In this condition the dog suddenly becomes restless, attempts to vomit repeatedly — but often little or nothing comes up. At the same time the abdomen swells visibly, while the general condition gradually deteriorates. It is then crucial to recognise the first signs of the condition quickly and to act correctly. Because a GDV is a life‑threatening emergency and every minute counts.

What is a gastric dilatation‑volvulus in dogs? In a GDV the dog’s stomach twists around its longitudinal axis. Both the inlet and outlet of the stomach are blocked, so air and fluid cannot escape. The stomach distends, and the interrupted blood circulation leads to hypovolaemic shock and parts of the stomach may die. Without rapid intervention this circulatory collapse leads to the dog’s death.

How does a GDV develop? The exact cause of gastric dilatation‑volvulus is still not fully understood. Veterinary studies suggest a combination of anatomical predisposition and external factors. The event often occurs shortly after eating — especially if the dog engages in intense activity or jumping thereafter. The following factors can increase the risk of GDV:

Body size
Body shape
Eating rapidly or gulping food
Stress or nervousness
Swallowing air while eating (aerophagy)

Previously suspected: large single meals plus excessive movement right after eating — these appear to be less relevant

Which dogs are particularly at risk? Primarily large, deep‑chested dog breeds tend to suffer GDV. These include, for example: the Great Dane, Weimaraner, Doberman, Bernese Mountain Dog or Setters. In general dogs under 20 kg body weight are hardly affected. GDV can occur in both young and older animals.

How do I recognise a GDV? The sooner first symptoms are identified, the higher the survival chance of the affected dog. Typical signs include:

Restlessness, constant pacing
Gagging movements without actual vomiting of stomach content
Visible swelling of the abdomen, especially behind the ribs
Difficulty breathing or rapid heart rate

Apathy, exhaustion up to circulatory weakness These symptoms usually worsen rapidly. As soon as you suspect a GDV: immediately see a veterinary clinic or veterinarian.

How is a GDV treated? Often the history alone raises a strong suspicion of GDV. Then immediate treatment attempts to stabilise the dog’s circulation with intensive fluid therapy and to decompress the stomach. Only afterwards a right‑side radiograph of the stomach is made and the exact diagnosis confirmed. Subsequently an operation under general anaesthesia is performed in which the twisted stomach is carefully returned to its original position. In some cases blood vessels may have ruptured during the twist and must be secured. Removal of the spleen is not always avoidable. Afterwards any dead stomach tissue is checked and removed if necessary. An important part of the procedure is so‑called gastropexy: fixing the stomach to the right side of the abdominal wall in order to reliably prevent future GDVs. The faster the surgery takes place, the better the chances of recovery. If one waits too long, irreversible damage can occur — for example through dead tissue leading to rhythm disorders or through sepsis.

How can I prevent a GDV? Even though GDV cannot always be prevented, the following measures can significantly reduce the risk:

For at‑risk breeds a prophylactic gastropexy (suturing the stomach to the abdominal wall) may prove useful because it can prevent a GDV
Ensure a calm environment at mealtimes
Promote slow eating (e.g., with anti‑gulp bowls)
Perhaps: no rough play, running or jumping immediately after eating
Perhaps: feed several small meals a day instead of one large one

A GDV in dogs is a medical emergency; without prompt treatment it leads to death. Yet when detected early and acted upon quickly, good chances of recovery exist. Knowing the risk factors and symptoms and paying attention can contribute greatly to protect your pet and give them valuable time in case of an emergency.

Does your pet belong to a risk breed? We are happy to advise you.

Make an appointment now at the VetTrust Small Animal Practice in Stansstad.